Galileo+Galilei

​​​ =Galileo Galilei = by Courtney Fuller

**Galileo Galilei** known as the "Father of Science", was a great astronomer, teacher, mathematician and physicist.[1] Galileo was able to make several discoveries with the help of the newly invented telescope.[1] Galileo's discoveries provided exstensive support for the [|Copernican heliocentric] or Sun centered universe.[2] Galileo's discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus undoubtedly displayed that the Earth could not be the center of the universe.[2] Unfortunately for Galileo he lived in a time of strict traditional beliefs.[2] New ideas were considered dangerous and although his discoveries were correct Galileo was put under papal trial.[1] Galileo was the first astronomer to challenge Roman Catholic authority and it's control over science.[1] Galileo paid for his belief's and was recognized as a heretic.[2]

=**Early Life **= Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 in Pisa.[3] Galileo was born into a family of musicians, his father Vincenzo Galilei was a music teacher. Galileo's family consisted of his mother Giulia degil Ammanati, two sisters Virginia and Livia, and Michelangelo.[3] His family ended up moved to Florence to seek employment opportunities.[4] Galileo studied Greek, Latin and logic at the Benedictine monastery of Smedia type="googlemap" key="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=pisa+italy&sll=37.09024,-87.539062&sspn=29.992289,77.080078&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Pisa,+Tuscany,+Italy&ll=43.716135,10.396584&spn=3.42395,9.63501&z=7&output=embed" width="225" height="193" align="right" anta Maria di Vallombrosa.[3] During his studies Galileo considered becoming a monk but disregarded the idea because of his father disapproval. [3]Galileo's father encouraged him to pursue a career in medicine.[4]

= **Mathematic and Scientific Background ** = In 1581 Galileo began his studies in medicine at the University of Pisa .[3] after a few months Galileo abandoned his medical studies and decided to switch to mathematics.[4] In 1585 at the age of 21 Galileo left the University of Pisa without a degree, to spend the next four years giving private lessons in mathematics.[3] Galileo did the majority of his teaching in Florence and Siena.[3] In 1589 Galileo received a teaching position at the Universtiy of Pisa.[3] Galileo stays at the University of Pisa until 1591.[3] In that same year his father Vincenzo dies at the age of 70.[3] With the death of his father Galileo became the primary financial support for his family, which consisted of his mothers, two sisters and brother.[3] In December of 1592 Galileo became the chair of the mathematics department at the University of Padua in the Republic of Venice.[3] While at the University of Padua Galileo gave lectures on geometry and astronomy.[3]

=**Family Life **= In 1599 Galileo entered a relationship with Marina Gamba, Galileo was 36 and Marina was 22 at the time.[3] In August of 1600 their first daughter was born, Virginia.[3] Almost exactly a year later their second daughter Livia was born.[3] In August of 1607 Marina gave birth to Galileo's only son Vicenzio. Galileo and Marina were never married and also never lived together. Marina died in 1619.[3] = = =Scientific Achievements = In 1597 Galileo invented a geometric and military compass which could also be used as a pocket calculator. He hired a fulltime instrument maker so he could mass produce his invention. He also wrote an instructional manual to go with the instrument and gave lessons on how to use the instrument.[3]
 * Geometric Compass [[image:galileos_compass_2.jpg width="170" height="117" align="right"]]

In May of 1906 Galileo is informed of the invention of telescopic lenses in the Netherlands.[3] These lenses could be used to view objects from a distance. Within a month Galileo had built his own 3 power telescope.[3] The telescope made it possible for Galileo to make astounding astronomical discoveries just as the moons of Jupiter and the Phases of Venus[3]
 * [|Galilean Telescope]

On January 7, 1610 Galileo discovers what he believed to be three bright stars near Jupiter. Six days later he spots a fourth star. Galileo soon realized that these must be satellites of Jupiter 3.Galileo was the first astronomer to study Jupiter's four largest moons.[5] His observations led him to correctly believe that the moons were revolving around Jupiter.[5] This discovery would provide important evidence to support the Copernican view.[5]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Moons of Jupiter[[image:jupiters_moons_2.jpg width="200" height="109" align="right" caption="ircamera.as.arizona.edu/.../moonsandrings.htm   "]]

media type="youtube" key="O31oFTWw4EE" height="211" width="330" align="left"

In 1610 Galileo also observed the phases of Venus, Galileo understood that the phases could only be caused by the Sun shining on a planet that revolves around it, this was verification that the Earth could not be the center of the Universe.[2] <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">[|Phases of Venus]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1610 Galileo also discovered Sunspots. The discovery of Sunspots helped to prove the Copernican view because the coming and going to sunspots could not be explained by the geocentric theory. Galileo's observations showed that the Sun rotates, disproving Aristotle's previous belief that the Sun was a stationary perfect sphere1.[6]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">[|Sunspots] [[image:sunspots.gif width="179" height="179" align="right" caption="astronomy.neatherd.org/Sunspots.htm"]]

=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Controversy with the Roman Catholic Church = <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">During Galileo's life he made several profound scientific discoveries.[3] A majority of his discoveries pointed to the fallacy of the geocentric belief.[3] Galileo published several books such as //Bodies That Stay Atop Water or Move Within It,// and //The Assayer.[3]// In 1630 Galileo finished his book //Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems//, this work changed Galileo from scientist to heretic.[3] In 1624 Galileo received permission from Pope Urban VIII to write about the Copernican theorymedia type="youtube" key="M7A-cJGlDgA" height="227" width="384" align="right" <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">in his next book under the condition that he presented the theory as a hypothesis.[3] With this premission Galileo wrote the //Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems//, when the book was published in 1932 Pope Urban VIII suspended distribution of the book, and Galileo was summoned to Rome.[3] In April of 1633 the Inquisition interrogates Galileo, he is offered a lenient sentence if he pleads guilty to advocating the Copernican theory in the Dialogue.[3] In June Galileo is sentenced to indefinite house arrest. Galileo spent the remained of his life on house arrest.[3] While on house arrest he continued his work but by 1637 his health began to fail and he lost his eye sight.[3] Galileo died January 8 1642.[3] = = =<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Photo Refrences : In the order they appear =

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[|myhero.com/go/print. asp?hero=Galileo_whitwort...] [] <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[|www.marcdatabase.com/.../ index.html] [|ircamera.as.arizona.edu/. ../moonsandrings.htm] [|abyss.uoregon.edu/ ~js/glossary/galileo.html] [|www.telescope1609.com/ Galileo.htm] [|astronomy.neatherd.org/ Sunspots.htm] =References=

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]Watson, John, and Michael Kerrigan. //The Sky Handbook//. San Diego: Thunder Bay Press, 2009. 60. Print. [2]Lippincott, Kristen. //Eyewitness Astronomy//. DK Publishing, 2008. 20. Print. [3]Krock, Lexi. "Galileo's Battle for the Heavens." //NOVA//. PBS, 7/2002. Web. 18 Jul 2010. []. [4] Hofstadter, Dan. //The Earth Moves//. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2009. 27. Print. [5]Lippincott, Kristen. //Eyewitness Astronomy//. DK Publishing, 2008. 50. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]Watson, John, and Michael Kerrigan. //The Sky Handbook//. San Diego: Thunder Bay Press, 2009. 189. Print.